The History of Pakistan

 Pakistan

Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Pakistan Islamic Republic, Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), commonly known as Pakistan, is a republican nation located in South Asia. The capital is Islamabad. The largest city is Karachi.

The area is 800,000 km2, which is about twice that of Japan (380,000 km2). It borders India to the east, the People's Republic of China to the northeast, Afghanistan to the northwest, Iran to the west, and the Indian Ocean to the south. More than 75% of the population lives in the basin of the Indus River, which runs through the center of the country, and it has a long history dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization, and is one of the countries where the population is increasing rapidly. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Overview

Country name

The official name is اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان (Urdu; Latin transcription (example) is Islāmī Jumhūrī-ye Pākistān. Islamy Jumhūrī-ye Pākistān).

The official English notation is Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Known as Pakistan.

The Japanese notation is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Known as Pakistan. The Kanji Ateji is Pakistani. In the past, the notation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was also seen.

Etymology

The country name "Pakistan" means "clean country" in Urdu and Persian. پاک (park) means "clean" . The suffix ـستان (stern) means "place of" in Persian and is synonymous with Sanskrit's स्थान (stern) .

. It was the first to be used in the edition) . Allie was named "Pakstan" from P in Punjab, A in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly northwestern frontier), K in Kashmir, S in Sindh, and TAN in Balochistan.  Later, "i" was added to make it easier to pronounce and became "Pakistan".

History

In the 19th century, it was placed under the same government as India as British India, and the independence movement was originally the same. However, in the independence movement, the conflict between Muslims and Hindus deepened, and the idea of   making the Islamic region independent as "Pakistan" emerged., it is not possible to unify the two distant regions only by religion. It was difficult, and East Pakistan eventually became a separatist path as Bangladesh.

Independence and India-Pacific War

On August 14, 1947, he became independent from the British Indian Empire and became an autonomous territory headed by the King of England (Pakistan (Dominion)), and his founding father, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, became the first governor.

In a coup d'etat in 1958, President Mirza was deposed (en: 1958 Pakistani coup d'état), and the military dictatorship of Iyub Hahn, who was the general commander of the Pakistani army, was born. It will be. The Second Indo-Pakistani War broke out in 1965, East Pakistan was damaged by the Bhola Cyclone in November 1970, and criticism of the government's response to the affected areas increased, and the Third Indo-Pakistani War (December 1971). Developed from March 3 to December 16), East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who left the Commonwealth of Nations in 1972 and was the first leader of the Pakistan People's Party, served as president and prime minister. Butto was ousted and later executed by a coup d'etat of Muhammad Zia ul Haku on July 5, 1977.

Afghanistan Conflict and Nuclear Development

On April 28, 1978, the April Revolution (English version) occurred in the Republic of Afghanistan and the transition to a socialist system led to the birth of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, which led to the uprising of the Mujahideen (Islamic volunteers) and the conflict in Afghanistan. Has begun. When the Iranian Revolution broke out in February 1979 and the Iranian American Embassy hostage crisis occurred in November, Soviet Brezinev frightened Islamic fundamentalism in Afghanistan and the Soviet Union, and went to Afghanistan on December 24. Launched a military invasion. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) supported the Mujahideen via Pakistan, giving Pakistan a greater influence on Afghanistan. The informal donation of Stinger missiles to the Mujahideen effectively afflicted the Soviet counter-guerrilla warfare and later forced the Soviet Union to withdraw. On the other hand, after the war, a large amount of weapons were left behind, the Taliban administration was born from the Mujahideen, and al-Qaeda was born.

On August 17, 1988, President Muhammad Zia-ul-Hak died suddenly in a plane crash. The United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan began operations on October 31st of the same year, and on December 2nd, Benazir Bhutto, the daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected the first female prime minister of Islamic countries. .. He rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1989, but was dismissed by Prime Minister Bhutto in a coup d'etat on August 6, 1990. In 1993, Benazir Bhutto returned to prime minister, but she was ousted on November 5, 1996 for her corruption and fraudulent savings.

On May 11th and 13th, 1998, the Vajpayee administration in India implemented the codename "Shakti". In response, on May 28 and May 30, Prime Minister and Defense Minister Nawaz Sharif conducted and succeeded in Pakistan's first nuclear test. In response, Japan and the United States have imposed economic sanctions on both India and Pakistan. In May 1999, the border dispute over Kashmir sovereignty with India developed into the Kargil dispute, and there were concerns about the actual use of nuclear weapons.