Politics in United States

 United States politics

The politics of the United States (America's politics) describes the politics of the United States.

The United States is a federal republic with a presidential system as a government, and has a strict separation of powers. Currently, there are two major parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

The United States Constitution was enacted in 1787.

Federal system / federal government

At the beginning of independence from Britain, 13 states had independent external sovereignty. After that, with the conclusion of the Articles of Confederation, it shifted to a loose federal system, and with the enactment of the United States Constitution in 1787, it became a united country externally.

The authority of the federal government is mainly described in Section 8 of Article 1 "Legislature" of the United States Constitution, in order of naturalization, bankruptcy, currency, measure, trade, postal, copyright, international law, war, and military control discipline. It is limited to matters related to such matters, and in addition, it is permitted to collect taxes and borrow money for these matters. It is also stipulated in Article 1  and Amendments 1 to 10 that it does not belong to the authority of the federal government, and it is understood that the authority is reserved by each state government and the people. ..

It is said that the scope of authority of the federal government = Congress (United States Congress) has been expanding in recent years. In the early days, the 7th President Andrew Jackson vetoed the "Federal Bank" deadline extension law, and there were movements to maintain state rights such as abolishing it, but Article 1, Section 8 of the United States Constitution Taking advantage of the so-called "interstate trade discipline" of No. 3, he repeatedly intervened in the part of the state's internal affairs on the grounds that it would hinder the free movement of people and goods within the federation. The United States Supreme Court in this regard has generally supported the United States Congress's move to deprive the state government of its rights and intervene in its authority.

Confederate states dissatisfied with the United States Congress declared withdrawal during the Civil War, but 16th President Abraham Lincoln insisted that once a member state could not withdraw from the federation.

Nevertheless, state governments now have far more rights than mere local governments, for example, the federal parliamentary legislation on anti-discrimination has been accused of unconstitutionality on the grounds of state rights, which the federal Supreme Court may admit. is there. In the 2000 United States presidential election, the final focus was on ballot counting in Florida, but since the content belongs to the state's authority, even matters related to the United States presidential election have jurisdiction over the Federal Supreme Court. There was also a claim that there was no

United States Congress

The United States Congress has adopted a bicameral system consisting of both the Senate (Senate, Upper House, Senate) and the House of Representatives (Senate, Lower House, House of Representatives, or simply House). .. Both houses have equal voting authority for matters classified by the Constitution as legislative powers such as legislation. However, the right to vote on the revenue bill and the right to impeach the impeachment are given only to the House of Representatives, while the right to approve presidential appointments such as ministers and judges of the federal court, the right to ratify the treaty, and the right to impeach the impeachment are only the Senate. The Senate is usually considered to have higher prestige.

It is also the authority of the United States Congress to declare war (usually at the request of the President) and approve military operations.

The House of Representatives has a fixed number of 435, and all members are re-elected every two years The elected capacity will be redistributed to each state according to the 10-year census in proportion to the population. As of 2000, there is a gap from the smallest state-elected capacity of 1 in Alaska, North Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming to the largest state-elected capacity of 53 in California. Each state divides the constituency according to the fixed number, and each member is elected by the simple single-member constituency system.

The Senate has a fixed number of 100, with a term of six years, and one-third of the members are re-elected every two years. The maximum number of people selected is two for each state, regardless of the population or area of   the state. In contrast to the House of Representatives, which is population-proportional, this is a "major compromise" created by Connecticut's proposal to coordinate conflicting interests in populous and low-population states at the time of its founding. Called (Great Compromise).

Senate and House elections are held once every two years, once every four years at the same time as the presidential election, and otherwise held as an interim election when the president's term of office has passed two years. The right to vote is given to American citizens who have registered for elections over the age of 18 in both houses, and the right to vote is over 25 in the House of Representatives and over 30 in the Senate.

Enactment of bill

If the votes differ between the two houses, a joint conference will be held to coordinate them. In Japan, it has been a long time since the bicameral councils could no longer make substantial adjustments, probably because of the difference in the party system, but the federal parliament often makes significant amendments, which are often tolerated by the plenary sessions of both houses.

The bill will be passed by the president after passing in both houses. The president can remand the bill to Congress within 10 days (the so-called veto, Veto in English). Both houses have overturned veto powers in a two-thirds majority, with few (on average about 5 percent) legislation enacted without the president's signature. Also, if the recess is less than 10 days, there is no time to send it back, so the president can completely bury the bill (so-called "squeeze. In English, it is called Pocket veto").